Astrophysicist Dr. Willie Soon Challenges The Climate Consensus … It’s The Sun, Not CO2

By on 10. December 2025

In a candid interview with the German language Weltwoche, astrophysicist Dr. Willie Soon asserts that the sun is the overwhelmingly dominant force driving Earth’s climate, not human-emitted .

Image: WeltWoche

His decades of research into solar and stellar physics lead him to the controversial conclusion that focusing on regulating is misguided,

“You can’t make laws against the sun,” he argues.

Dr. Soon states that the sun provides of the energy that powers our weather and climate, and satellite data confirms that solar radiation is not a constant, but fluctuates, particularly in the UV and X-ray ranges. He contends that temperature patterns over the last 150 years correlate much better with solar activity fluctuations than with levels. According to Soon’s analysis, the signal is below the detection limit as a primary climate driver.

Challenging the narrative

Soon dismisses the “CO2 panic” as lacking solid scientific basis and highlights the beneficial role of the gas in promoting photosynthesis and causing measurable global greening since the 19th century. He points to natural climate events like the Maunder Minimum (1645-1715), a period of minimal sunspots that coincided with the Little Ice Age, as robust evidence for a direct link between solar activity and climate shifts.

Why the focus? The “Iron Triangle”

When asked why the narrative dominates, Dr. Soon claims it is politically motivated, citing the fact that taxes and regulations can be imposed on , but not on the sun. He describes an “Iron Triangle Effect” where politics funds, science delivers, and media amplifies an alarmist consensus, often marginalizing critics and favoring specific models to create an impression of certainty where uncertainty exists.

Politicized sicence

According to Soon: “Unfortunately, many scientific institutions have adopted an alarmist consensus in recent decades. Critics are marginalized. Climate policy is increasingly serving economic and ideological goals, not objective research. However, there is one positive sign: Bill Gates recently realized that the climate cannot be controlled by regulating CO2. Instead, he now wants to focus on adaptation—on mitigating human suffering from extreme cold or heat. That is a welcome development.”

He warns that the political contamination narrows scientific discourse and replaces objective research with ideological and economic goals.

Addressing criticisms and recommending new priorities

Soon rejects claims of being funded by the oil industry, stating his funding comes from diverse sources and is currently supported by voluntary donations to his independent group, Ceres-Science. The claims of oil industry funding are meant to distract from the science. He emphasizes that the quality of work, not the source of funding, should be the focus.

For future climate research, Dr. Soon recommends:

  • Focusing on long-term, calibrated measurements in rural areas.

  • Ensuring open data and code for reproducibility.

  • Conducting targeted experiments on the stratosphere, cloud formation, and radiation balance.

  • Honestly testing competing hypotheses instead of confirming favored models.

His advice for policymaking is simple: Prioritize realism and resilience. This means adapting infrastructure, strengthening flood protection, investing in technology, and most importantly, exercising humility before the complexity of nature.

He concludes that since we can’t make laws against the sun, policy must be realistic, intelligent, and humane.

Full interview in German here.





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Regional Cooling Since The 1980s Has Driven Glacier Advance In The Karakoram Mountains

By on 9. December 2025

Central Asia’s Karakoram Mountains have not undergone any warming since 1851, a trend that is inconsistent with claims that modern warming has been global in scale.

Per a new study‘s reconstruction of summer temperatures over the last 170 years, this region has cooled dramatically (by nearly 1°C) since the 1980s. This “anomalous” cooling trend has led to glacier stability and even advance over the last several decades.

“Since the late 20th century, the decrease of summer temperature in the last decades has been one of the main drivers of the Karakorum anomaly.”

Image Source: Liu et al., 2025

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Greenland Petermann Glacier Has Grown 30 Kilometers Since 2012!

By on 6. December 2025

Klima e Scienza reports on how the Greenland PETERMANN GLACIER  has GROWN BY MORE THAN 30 KILOMETRES SINCE 2012, back when the MEDIA hysterically announced the glacier’s imminent disappearance.

In 2012:

In 2024:

The media doesn’t talk about this anymore. Klima e Scienza credits the Association des Climato-Realistes.

The reality defies the alarmist claims made by scientists, media and policymakers.

Arctic sea ice extent has plateaued and not shrunk over the past 15 years, let alone disappeared in the summertime.





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New Study: Temperature-Driven CO2 Outgassing Explains 83 Percent Of CO2 Rise Since 1959

By on 5. December 2025

“[T]he fraction of [fossil] fuel-related emissions still remaining in the air (about 23 ppm out of 425 ppm at the end of 2024) cannot have any climatic effect.” – Veyres et al., 2025

A few years ago Dr. Koutsoyiannis and colleagues used equations associated with the chemistry of temperature-driven organic respiration to demonstrate that, since the late 1950s, temperature-induced increases in plant and soil emissions (31.6 Gt-C/yr) account for a 3.4 times greater ratio of the >100 ppm rise in atmospheric CO2 than the contribution from the increase in fossil fuel emissions (9.4 Gt-C/yr).

This conclusion is rooted in the observation that, since 1959, the causality direction has consistently been T→CO2, and not CO2→T (Koutsoyiannis et al., 2022), when observing annual changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In other words, respiration analyses indicate the rise in CO2 has been the consequence, not the cause, of temperature.

And now, in a new study, scientists have used the time-integrated effect of past sea surface temperatures and time-series modeling to establish that temperature-driven oceanic CO2 outgassing can also explain the bulk of the rise in atmospheric CO2 since the late 1950s. In contrast, there is “no correlation (R² = 0.01) between the detrended 12-month CO2 increments and fossil-fuel emissions.”

Notably, fossil fuel emissions rates can be shown to have grown from 2.4 Gt-C/yr in 1959 to 10.3 Gt-C/yr in 2025, a net +7.9 Gt-C/yr change. In contrast, natural emissions from oceanic outgassing grew from 133.2 Gt-C/yr in 1959 to 175.2 Gt-C/yr in 2025 (a net +42 Gt-C/yr change). Significantly:

“The +42 Gt-C/yr increase in temperature-driven natural inflow explains 84% of the total inflow rise since 1959…”

Other ratios detailed in the study also identify oceanic temperature-driven natural emissions as the predominant contributor to the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration.

“[I]n 1960, oceanic degassing was 32 times the flux from ‘fossil fuels’; since 2010, it has been 11 times greater.”

“[SST anomalies] increased from 0.12°C in 1959 to 0.97°C in 2024 and accounts for 83% (+89 ppm) of the total increase (+107 ppm) in atmospheric CO2 over that period.”

“The resulting growth of [fossil fuel emissions] is 5 x 0.12 = +0.6 Gt-C/yr, or +0.28 ppm/yr – i.e. eight times smaller than the observed increase of [natural CO2 emissions] = +5 Gt-C/yr or +2.4 ppm/yr over the past decade.”

The authors identify the remaining anthropogenic contribution to the current (2024) 425 ppm atmospheric CO2 concentration as amounting to just 23 ppm, or 49 Gt-C. This means approximately ninety-five percent of today’s CO2 levels are derived from natural processes. Thus, even if the costly (€ 800 billion per year) EU decarbonization policies intended to dramatically reduce human CO2 emissions were to be fully implemented today, it would “lower atmospheric CO2 by only about 0.5 ppm by 2035.”

Image Source: Veyres et al., 2025

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Climate Extremists Ordered By Hamburg Court To Pay €400,000 In Damages

By on 3. December 2025

Germany’s Junge Freiheit reports that the Hamburg Regional Court (Landgericht Hamburg) ruled in November 2025 that ten climate activists from the group “Last Generation” must pay a total of approximately €400,000 in damages to an airline.

Symbol photo created by Grok AI

The activists were involved in a sit-in blockade of Hamburg Airport in July 2023. The climate activists cut through the fence and glued themselves to the tarmac. This action led to the cancellation of 45 flights and affected 8,500 passengers

 The affected airline, reportedly primarily Eurowings (part of the Lufthansa Group), sued the activists for compensation. The court awarded the airline damages of approximately €400,000.

Some reports mention that, in addition to the damages, the activists could also face legal costs amounting to approximately €700,000.

If the activists fail to pay the sum, they face up to two years of Ordnungshaft (civil detention).

This is one of the highest civil damage claims made against members of the “Last Generation” following a protest action in Germany so far.





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More Evidence NE China Is Not Cooperating With The Alarmist Global Warming Narrative

By on 1. December 2025

Northeastern China was at least 5°C (and up to 9°C) warmer than today and droughts (and floods) were far more extreme when CO2 levels were a “safe” 265 ppm.

In a new study, scientists have determined that northeastern China’s droughts were far more frequent and intense during the Little Ice Age (LIA) than in the 1950-2021 era of supposedly “alarming” global warming. During the LIA, which the study clarifies as spanning from 1568 to 1850, there were 59 extreme dry events (droughts) in this region, whereas from 1850 to 2021, there were only 8.

The authors further assert the frequency of extreme dry events have long been associated with cold periods in paleoclimate reconstructions, whereas extreme wet events (floods) are linked to warm periods.

“Our results demonstrate that Northeast Asia was relatively dry during cold periods and comparatively wet during warm periods. … For example, Northeast Asia experienced a wet MWP [Medieval Warm Period], which was the latest warm period.”

Interestingly, the relative humidity of northeast China during the last 40 years was more similar to the levels during the cold LIA than during the 1850 to 1950 period, when there were frequent extreme wet events and almost no extreme dry events.

In sum, the “mild drought from the 1950s to the present day does not exceed natural variability” when considering the context of the past 454 years.

“…long-term hydroclimate records indicate that both the frequency and intensity of recent drought episodes fall well within the range of natural variability observed during the LIA.”

Image Source: Liu et al. 2025

Several other studies lend support to the conclusion that a warmer climate is a wetter climate. A paleoclimate reconstruction study utilizing the known limiting temperature for rice agriculture suggests not only that summer temperatures were 5-7°C warmer than present (>26°C vs. 20-21°C today) during the Early Holocene, but “summer rainfall was about 30% higher than modern between about 10,000 and 6,000 cal yr BP” (Dodson et al., 2021).

“The current mean July temperatures are about 20–21°C, however, these are estimated to be above 26°C between 8,500 and 4,200 cal yr BP.”

Image Source: Dodson et al., 2021

A study published last year (Guo et al., 2024) indicates today’s Loess Plateau mean annual air temperature (MAAT) is 9.86°C, with a mean annual precipitation of 531 mm. From ~2,700 years ago until about 300 years ago the MAAT was 17.02°C (>7°C warmer) and yearly precipitation averaged 903 mm.

Image Source: Guo et al., 2024

The modern era of “alarming” global warming is actually 5-7°C and up to 7-9°C colder in northeastern China (Zheng et al., 2018) than it was during the much warmer Early Holocene, when CO2 was a “safe” 265 ppm.

“…mean annual air temperatures [MAAT] in NE China during the early Holocene were 5-7°C higher than today.”

“MAAT records from the Chinese Loess Plateau also suggested temperature maxima 7-9°C higher than modern during the early Holocene”

Image Source: Zheng et al., 2018

Northern China was also much warmer than today throughout much of the last 10,000 years. Using the known growth temperature limit for Ceratopteris as evidence, scientists have determined the mean January temperature in northern China was “7.7°C higher than today” throughout the Mid Holocene (Zhang et al., 2022).

Image Source: Zhang et al., 2022

In sum, there is nothing even remotely unusual about the modern temperatures or precipitation in northeastern Asia that would suggest humans are responsible for warming the climate or intensifying rainfall.

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Ecological Impacts Of Offshore WindParks Are Worse Than Expewcted, New Study Finds

By on 29. November 2025

Blackout News here reports on the underestmated risk to ecological systems: offshore windparks!

Fig. 6c of study. 

Offshore wind farms (OWPs) are considered a cornerstone of Germany’s transition to renewable energies. We are told that they supply clean energy and slow down climate change.

However, a recent study by Hyodae Seo sheds light on unexpected and profound side effects: Offshore wind farms warm the atmosphere and the sea surface more significantly than previously assumed and cause complex ecological damage.

The mechanism of warming

How can wind turbines warm the climate? The secret lies in the vortices and the altered air circulation.

  1. The rotors extract energy from the wind. This creates vortex structures that spread over wide areas.

  2. These vortices weaken the natural mixing of the lower air layers and the surface water.

  3. The natural cooling capacity of the sea surface is thereby reduced. Heat cannot be dissipated as easily, which intensifies the temperature increase at the sea surface. This additional heat rises into the atmosphere.

Measurements confirm this effect: there are slight but constant temperature increases near the ground. In densely concentrated wind farms, these effects can reinforce each other.

Moreover, the impacts are not just local; analyses show that the effects of the vortices extend over more than 100 kilometers and cause measurable temperature increases up to 200 meters in altitude.

Ecological damage, microplastic threat

The climatic changes are only one side of the coin. Marine ecosystems are stressed in various other ways. There are high strike rates for birds and bats.

Also sediment stirring harms the habitats of many marine organisms. The current vortices alter the mixing of the water column, affecting the distribution of plankton and thus the foundation of the marine food chain.

Another  particularly severe finding is the abrasion of the rotor blades. During operation, they release microplastic particles, which are ingested by marine animals like mussels and oysters. The warming of the water also accelerates the decay of materials, causing the plastic to spread over increasingly larger areas and interfere deeply with biological cycles.

The silent health hazard: Infrasound

An often-underestimated factor is the low-frequency infrasound generated by the rotors. Although it is inaudible to humans, the pressure fluctuations can trigger physical reactions.

Residents near the coast often report symptoms such as sleep disturbances or persistent inner restlessness. Animals are also sensitive, as even small fluctuations affect their orientation. The local warming of the surrounding air also changes sound propagation, which can intensify some of these effects.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that offshore wind farms set in motion a complex network of turbulence, warming, microplastics, and infrasound. The combination of these factors shifts climatic and ecological processes, shaping both the atmosphere and the marine environment. The results signal that these far-reaching technical interventions can no longer be viewed as isolated or negligible fringe phenomena. In the future planning and expansion of offshore wind energy, these profound repercussions on the regional climate and sensitive ecosystems must be taken into account much more seriously.

Full article at Blackout News (German)





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Turbo Cancer & Sudden Death: The Facts On The Table

By on 28. November 2025

German medical doctor reports Covid mRNA vaccines are linked to damaged blood vessels, thrombi, turbo cancer 

Image cropped here: 

In the German language video “Turbokrebs & plötzlicher Tod: Die Fakten auf dem Tisch“  (Turbo Cancer & Sudden Death: The Facts on the Table), Dr. med. Kurt Müller and the host discuss the scientific background explanatory models for the observed increase in phenomena such as “turbo cancer” and sudden cardiovascular death since the intriductipn of the COVID vaccines.

Müller emphasizes that these facts are barely discussed in the general public and mainstream media.

Spike protein can lead to thrombi

Dr. med. Kurt Müllerex Begins by expalining how the spike protein adheres particularly well to the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels), anchoring itself there like an arrow, thus leading to inflammatory processes in the vessel walls. Antibodies against the molecule cardiolipin, which is responsible for the negative electrical charge of the vessel wall, were observed in vaccinated patients, reducing the electrical repulsion of blood particles.

He also explains how the lipid nanoparticles (LNP) in the vaccines have a positive charge (which allegedly did not correspond to the approval) and cause them to adhere to the negatively charged cardiolipin and favor the formation of thrombi.

Damage to fine blood vessels

The spikes, he says, act like a “rake” in the bloodstream, alter flow conditions (turbulence) and promote inflammation, which is claimed to be the primary mechanism for the development of vascular changes. An increased number of clumped cells (“Miniklotz”) and amyloid proteins were detected in the blood of so-called “post-vac” patients.

The primary problem is claimed to be the damage to the very fine vessels (microvessels), which ensure the supply to the walls of large vessels (vasa vasorum). This lack of supply can lead to structural loosening and tears in the longitudinal structures of large vessel walls, resulting in aneurysms and sudden bleeding. This is cited as an explanation for “sudden, unexpected death” we’ve often witnessed.

Brain damage

Another troubling effect that leads to brain damage is the occlusion of small vessels in the brain (multi-infarct syndromes) found in post-vac patients. In living patients this manifests as cognitive impairment, concentration problems, and rapid exhaustion.

Turbo cancer

Another claimed worrisome effect of the COVID vaccine is turbo cancer. A shift in macrophage function was observed (away from defense towards consolidation and regeneration), which is accompanied by the increased release of signaling molecules like TGF-Beta and VEGF. These substances are necessary for healing and new blood vessel formation but are allegedly exploited by tumors to accelerate the preparation and spread of metastases. This is proposed as a possible explanation for “turbo cancer” and the more frequent diagnosis at an already advanced, metastatic stage. A UK study is cited, showing a significant increase in certain cancer types from 2021/2022 onwards (e.g., melanoma +74%).

Therapeutic approaches:

Dr. Müller emphasizes that therapy must be individualized, as the problems vary among patients. He warns against believing in a single solution. Apheresis (blood cleansing) is mentioned as a possible measure for acutely reducing the spike protein density and mitigating acute risks.

Dr. Müller says the  ultimate goal of research must be to find a way to stop the gene therapeutically transferred cell program that produces certain problems in the body.

Dr. Müller criticizes the role of the media and the lack of willingness by science to correct mistakes.





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1880-2020 Trends In Ocean Heat Uptake, Thermal Expansion Challenge Human Forcing Claims

By on 25. November 2025

Fundamental assumptions in projections of alarming, CO2-induced global warming in the coming decades are undermined by a new long-term energy budget analysis.

In a new study scientists have acknowledged the modeled assumptions forecasting nature’s response to the presumed human-driven radiative forcing of ocean heat uptake, thermal expansion, and sea level rise rates do not align well with observations from recent decades.

Image Source: Wu et al., 2025

The apparent misalignment is especially pronounced during 2000-2020 (Fig. 2 in the image), as the assumed uptick in radiative forcing (which is said to be a consequence of rising human CO2 emissions) was not accompanied by an sharp increase in Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). Instead the assumed forcing values are 50% greater than EEI estimates during this period.

When the entire 1880-2020 period is considered, it is notable that the fraction of forcing that delivers heat energy to the Earth has been (much) smaller in recent decades than in the first half of the 20th century despite the assumed cause of the forcing (human CO2 emissions) being several times larger since about 1980.

Consider that from 1910 to 1945 human CO2 emissions remained relatively flat at ~1 GtC/year, but then emissions rose to ~6 GtC/year by 1990 and to nearly 10 GtC/year by the 2010s. Despite this dramatic increase in the assumed radiative forcing from CO2 emissions, the heat uptake (Fig. 1 and S6), thermal expansion (Fig. S17), and sea level rise rates (Fig. S17) were nearly as pronounced in 1910-1945 as they were from 1980-2010. In fact, there was a decline in the heat uptake, thermal expansion, and sea level rise rates from 1945 to 1975 despite the coincident sharp increase in CO2 emissions during this period.

“We find two distinct phases in the global energy budget. In 1880–1980, Earth’s energy imbalance closely followed the radiative forcing. After 1980, however, Earth’s energy imbalance increased at a slower rate than the forcing; in 2000–2020, the imbalance amounted to less than 50% of the forcing.”

Since nearly all projections of catastrophic global warming, ocean heat uptake, and thermal-expansion-driven sea level rise are rooted in the presupposition that dramatic increases in radiative forcing from rising CO2 emissions will lead to pronounced increases in the EEI, scientists are now indicating we may not sufficiently understand these processes and thus we need to consider further study.

“Because the global energy budget before and after 1980 implies very different global warming in the future, further studies are required to better understand the cause of this historical variation.”

Image Source: Wu et al., 2025

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A Sobering Reality: Global Fossil Fuel Demand Continues to Rise

By on 23. November 2025

Bkackout News here reports that despite ambitious international climate targets and the promise of a rapid energy transition, we are witnessing a paradoxical development: Global demand for fossil fuels has not fallen, but continues to increase.

Image generated by Grok

The world economy’s growing hunger for energy directly clashes with political expectations, and the so-called “Peak Demand” for oil and gas, once predicted by experts, is currently not in sight.

Just a few years ago, there was optimism when the International Energy Agency (IEA) announced an impending peak in fossil fuel demand. This confidence supported many climate strategies. However, rising economic risks and political headwinds led many governments to revise their strategies. The consequence: The energy transition lost momentum while real demand increased.

Earlier forecasts thus have become obsolete, and the expected rapid electrification of the economy is progressing more slowly than planned.

Fossil fuels are not being replaced

A central problem is that renewable energies are currently not replacing conventional sources, but merely supplementing them. We are in a Phase of Addition. Although solar and wind power are being expanded massively, this is not enough to meet the strongly growing global energy demand.

This development is intensified by several factors:

  • Electrification of mobility: Although cars without internal combustion engines are increasing, the expansion of charging infrastructure is lagging behind.

  • Heating transition: Replacing gas heating systems with electric alternatives leads to enormous peak loads in the power grid in many regions.

  • Growing demand: Additional demands for cooling, seawater desalination, and digital services are intensifying the global energy hunger.

As a result, oil remains in strong demand, and gas retains its role as a flexible reserve, blocking a rapid departure from fossil sources.

Steady at least until 2040

Even in less dynamic models like the CPS scenario, the quantities of oil and gas remain stable well past 2040. Global oil consumption remains at around 100 million barrels per day.

This finding shows how deeply the market is permeated by fossil fuels, which remain the cornerstone of supply.

If renewables were really as good as many claim they are, then why have they failed to curb fossil fuel use? Pbviously they are nothing what their proponents claim them to be.





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Is The Gulf Stream Really Collapsing? Debunking Another Climate Doomsday Claim

By on 21. November 2025

The idea that global warming could paradoxically shut down the Gulf Stream, plunging Europe into a new cold spell—a scenario popularized by the film The Day After Tomorrow—is a powerful narrative.

However, the latest episode of Klimaschau (Issue 237) challenges these alarmist predictions, scrutinizing the scientific evidence and the methods behind the claims. The segment focuses on skepticism regarding the imminent “tipping” of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).

Recall how climatologists like Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) argue that Arctic warming is weakening the AMOC due to an influx of freshwater, potentially causing Europe to become colder and drier.

Rahmstorf relied on cherry-picked data

For example, a 2021 study co-authored by Rahmstorf suggested the AMOC was at its weakest point in over a millennium. Rahmstorf has also been quoted predicting the AMOC could completely cease in 50 to 100 years. Yet, a sharp rebuttal by Kilburn and colleagues (2022) in the same journal. This counter-study accused Rahmstorf’s team of using “selective” or “cherry-picked” data to arrive at their conclusion.

The EIKE Klimaschau video presents criticism that challenges the reliability of the computer models often used by the PIK. Engineer and blogger Frank Bosse (Klimanachrichten) dismisses the PIK’s models as inherently unreliable and susceptible to manipulated data input. He points to the actual, unfiltered measurement data from the RAPID Project. This raw data shows the AMOC has been oscillating unspectacularly around a mean value between 2004 and 2024, with only one clear anomaly around 2010. This directly contradicts the models predicting a dramatic collapse.

Arctic Ice: Not Melting as Fast as Predicted

Further challenging the premises of the AMOC collapse theory (which relies on massive freshwater inflow from melting ice), the EIKE  video cites a 2025 study by England et al: The research, which reviewed apocalyptic melting scenarios, concluded that the decline in Arctic sea ice has “significantly slowed down” over the last two decades.

Crucially, there has been no statistically significant decline in September sea ice area since 2005.

Conclusion

The EIKE video concludes by linking the current alarmist methodology to the historical controversy of Michael E. Mann’s 1999 “Hockey Stick Study”. The implication is that the use of selective, non-representative data to generate dramatic claims is a recurring pattern in certain climate narratives.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEw7-E78qwE

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The Deep Ocean May Be Colder Today Than Any Time In The Last 4.5 Million Years

By on 20. November 2025

A new study finds Earth’s bottom water temperatures (BWTs) have cooled by 2-3°C over the last 4.5 million years through to the pre-industrial era (1750).

Since 1750, however, global BWTs have not risen in a detectable way, nor have they exceeded the warmth achieved during the Medieval Warm Period (Gebbie and Huybers, 2019). The Pacific Ocean as a whole has continued to cool in the last centuries.

Image Source: Clark et al., 2025 and Gebbie and Huybers, 2019

Regionally, today’s North Atlantic’s bottom water temperatures hover around 4°C – just as they did throughout the Late Holocene. The BWTs averaged ~5°C, or “slightly warmer than present-day,” during the last glacial, with anomalies reaching 10°C both 13 and 16 thousand years ago and about 7°C both 15 and 19 thousand years ago (Yasuhara et al., 2019).

Image Source: Yasuhara et al., 2019

As recently as 10,000 years ago, the Arctic Ocean’s bottom water temperatures were 6-10°C warmer than they are today (Beierlein et al., 2015).

Image Source: Beierlein et al., 2015

These global and regional BWT reconstructions do not support the narrative that modern ocean temperatures are unprecedentedly warm due to human activity.

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