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Grid Expert's Dire Warning: "All Of Europe's Power Supply At Risk"..30% Of Computers Could Be Destroyed

Grid Expert’s Dire Warning: “All Of Europe’s Power Supply At Risk”..30% Of Computers Could Be Destroyed

By on 27. September 2022

German Auf1 site here interviews blackout expert Robert Jungnischke on Europe’s growing threat of a unprecedented wintertime blackout. Experts are almost unanimous that a blackout will occur, the only question that remains is when and how long it will be.

Power grid and blackout expert Robert Jungnischke. Image cropped here. 

The gas supply bottleneck Europe is intensifying as the weather turns colder earlier than expected. People are preparing by buying electric fan heaters, hoping they’ll be able to keep warm if the gas supply runs out. The problem however, is that these millions of electric fan heaters sold in Europe will end up burdening an already extremely precarious power grid even more.

Already German officials are warning the country “may be facing ‘rolling blackouts’ over the coming winter months” as not only Germany’s but also Europe’s power grid teeter on the brink.

According to Robert Jungnischke, a blackout expert and consultant, many companies and people are poorly prepared, or not prepared at all. So when the blackout arrives, it will be too late to for them. The consequences would be dire. Once a a blackout hits, the total system failure that it causes cannot be fixed so quickly. The damage in terms of economics and lives would be enormous.

Electric chair for computers and electronics

According to Jungnischke, citing power experts, just rebooting the power grid would destroy about 30% of electronic devices such as computers.

The rebooting of an entire power grid after a blackout is a complicated task, as the supply has to match the demand. Both would have to ramp up in unison. Jungnischke explains:

After a blackout, the power gets ramped up, but we have a huge problem. The problem is that there is no load. As I said earlier, power is tied to consumption and the power is regulated accordingly. I have a problem when power needs to be ramped up but there’s not yet any demand. That means the power fluctuates strongly and strongly fluctuating power is death for electronics. That means experts calculate about 30% of computers will be damaged during the ramp up of the power grid.”

He adds that the dependence on solar and wind energy puts not only the German power grid at risk, but also the power supply of all of Europe.

The economic damage resulting from a major blackout would be crippling. Chaos would ensue for weeks or months.





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Gigantic Ozone Hole – 7 Times Larger Than Antarctica’s – Widens Over The Tropics

By on 26. September 2022

The increasing loss of ozone (O3) from 3o°N – 30°S has steadily accelerated since the early 1980s despite the 1987 Montreal Protocol’s ban on so-called “ozone depleting substances” like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Once again this suggests human activity does not drive ozone losses.

Twenty years after the Montreal Protocol agreement limiting or banning CFC use scientists reported an order-of-magnitude-sized error in molecular chemistry measurements that threatened to severely undermine the commonly accepted anthropogenic explanation for how ozone depletion occurs.

With the new measured evidence, a leading ozone researcher proclaimed the scientific “understanding of chloride chemistry has really been blown apart,” as “we can basically no longer say we understand how ozone holes come into being.”

Image Source: Schiermeier, 2007

But then, in the ensuing years after the measurement error had been exposed, there was . . . silence. The discovery of a molecular rate change “substantially [ten times] lower than previously thought” was not brought to the public’s attention again. Ostensibly due to a reluctance to admit they may be wrong, scientists just seemed to . . . move on.

Now, a new study reports the O3 hole over the tropics is 700% larger (area) than the much more famous O3 hole over Antarctica (60°S – 90°S).

Its size has continued widening after the 1987 governmental agreement to severely limit CFC use, which again seems to contradict claims that we humans can control O3 levels with our emissions.

The authors suggest the same non-anthropogenic physical mechanism – cosmic ray-elicited electron reaction – driving O3 losses over Antarctica may also be driving the O3 losses for 3o°N – 30°S.

Image Source: Lu et al., 2022

The ozone hole narrative and the presumption that governmental policies are what determine how small or large the hole gets would appear to be analogous to the current climate debate and its connection to the governmental push to dramatically limit CO2 emissions.

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German Industry Collapse: Companies Leaving In Droves…”Can No Longer Bear Cost Explosion”!

By on 25. September 2022

Some industries rely on affordable energy to remain competitive on global markets. But in Germany, this lifeline of energy has become a luxury that many can no longer afford – even renowned companies who in the past had weathered two world wars and a pandemic. 

After years of catastrophic energy policy mismanagement and green energies dogmatism, the bill is coming due. A growing number of German companies are saying ‘auf Wiedersehen‘ or simply shuttering their operations. Others are preparing drastic measures.

German news site Business Leaders here has since begun a running list of companies that are packing up, or shutting down or moving their production and high paying jobs to friendlier business environments.

Business Leaders here reports:

Germany is losing important sectors of the economy and industry. Those who still survived the Corona measures are now facing massive increases in energy prices. Many businesses, the self-employed and companies can no longer bear the cost explosions. In addition, there is the danger of blackouts due to a power shortage. The consequences are insolvencies or the migration of companies abroad. This does not only affect the manufacturing industry. An overview of which companies want to leave Germany – or stop production here – you will find the current list further down in the article.

What follows is Business Leaders’ list of companies that are shutting down operations, declaring insolvency in Germany, or planning drastic contingency measures (e.g. layoffs, production stoppages) due at least in large part to insanely high energy prices:

  • Dr. Schneider Unternehmensgruppe
  • Hellma Materials GmbH, W
  • Borealis AG
  • Yara International
  • Paul Hartmann AG
  • Heinz-Glas & Plastics Group (founded in 1622!)
  • Ford
  • BMW AG
  • Vitesco Technologies Group AG
  • Kostal Automobil Elektrik GmbH & Co. KG
  • Privatbrauerei Bischoff GmbH + Co. KG
  • Aryzta AG
  • Villeroy & Boch AG
  • Neue Porzellanfabrik Triptis GmbH
  • Dachziegelwerke Nelskamp GmbH
  • Holcim AG
  • SKW Stickstoffwerke Piesteritz
  • Linde GmbH / Linde plc
  • Hakle GmbH
  • Ludwig Görtz GmbH
  • DMV Deutsche Metallveredelung GmbH
  • ROT Rickert Oberflächentechnik
  • Baumann Federn AG
  • Budel-Hütte
  • Aurubis AG –
  • Stahl-Holding Saar
  • Thyssen-Krupp Steel Europe
  • Salzgitter
  • Lech-Stahlwerke
  • Waelzholz
  • Trimet
  • Swiss Steel
  •  Glencore
  • ArcelorMittal –
  • Bremkamp Elastic GmbH
  • Cristal d’Arques
  • Nyrstar Budel
  • Aldel
  • Ascometal (Swiss Steel Group)

This list was last updated on September 14, according to Business Leaders, which reports it will keep updating. Analysts fear this is only the beginning and that things are going to get far bloody worse.

Half say their existence is threatened

In a recent survey by the German Association of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (BVMW), almost half of Germany’s medium size companies said: “the explosion in energy prices was threatening the existence of the company.” This was reported by the Funke Mediengruppe, according to Business Leaders.

Almost three-quarters of the companies surveyed said they were “suffering from the current prices for energy.”

The entire article by Business Leaders is here (in German).





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Trend Change? Greenland Ice Mass Loss Has Been Decelerating Since 2012

By on 24. September 2022

Greenland’s Ice Mass Balance 2021/22

By Die kalte Sonne

Autumn has begun. Time for the Greenland mass balance.

We have digitized the Polar Portal’s graph of the accumulated surface mass balance and have come up with a value of 467 Gt. That’s 100 Gt or 27% above the 1981…2010 mean! Together with the melting of icebergs (assuming the value of the previous year, which was already 10% more than that of 2020 ) this results in approximately the representation below, which was included in the publication until the report 2020.

In 2021, one has probably omitted for reasons, perhaps the jump was difficult to explain by the calving of icebergs?

The total mass balance is very likely -100 Gt. An “accelerated” thawing of the Greenland ice sheet is not to be recognized. If one accumulates the mass loss, one sees the “braking” very nicely. Acceleration occurred until 2012.

Accumulated Greenland ice loss in gigatonnes since 1986.





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Germany’s “Tenfold Increase In Gas And Electricity Prices” Is Driving Out Industry

By on 23. September 2022

Europe’s energy policy is creating jobs – for USA  

What leaves once, will not come again. While energy prices in Europe are going through the roof, they remain moderate in the USA. This will have serious consequences for energy-intensive industries.

The Wall Street Journal (paid article) is already rubbing its hands together for the US economy. It is twice beneficial: high prices for LNG exports and new jobs in the future. It’s Win/Win – Lose. One of the losers for Germany is Areclor-Mittal. Now they are turning down the first blast furnace. Here, too, the USA is profiting. The FAZ reports:

Arcelor-Mittal, the world’s largest steel producer, is shutting down two production facilities at the end of September due to high energy prices in Germany. “Until further notice,” one of the two blast furnaces at the plate steel site in Bremen will be shut down. And the direct reduction plant at the Hamburg long steel mill is also to be shut down. In addition to the already high costs for gas and electricity, the gas surcharge planned from October will place a further burden on the competitiveness of energy-intensive plants, it says in justification. ‘With a tenfold increase in gas and electricity prices, which we had to accept within a few months, we are no longer competitive in a market that is 25 percent supplied by imports,’ Germany CEO Reiner Blaschek is quoted as saying in a statement from Arcelor-Mittal.

In order to avoid gas consumption in Hamburg, the precursor iron is now being purchased from America in order to be able to continue production – more cheaply, but with a higher CO2 footprint. Reduced work hours is also being introduced at the production sites in Duisburg and Eisenhüttenstadt due to the difficult situation.”





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How Can The Globe Be Warming When Most Of The Southern Hemisphere Isn’t?

By on 22. September 2022

New research continues to document non-warming and even “robust cooling” trends for entire regions of the Southern Hemisphere in recent decades.

Land surface temperature data compilations from the Southern Hemisphere (South America, Southwestern Andes, Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia) indicate that any warming during the 20th century occurred before 1980, with no obvious net warming since (Rezsöhazy et al., 2022).

Image Source: Rezsöhazy et al., 2022

Sea surface temperature data from the Southeastern Indian Ocean, Tasman Sea, and Great Barrier Reef region indicate no net warming since 1982 (Chapman et al., 2022).

Image Source: Chapman et al., 2022

Another new study (Xu et al., 2022) suggests the Southern Ocean (50°S–70°S) has been cooling for the last 40 years, with amplitudes ranging from -0.1°C to -0.3°C per decade in some regions.

“SST in the Southern Ocean is considered as an important indicator of climate change. This study shows that the Southern Ocean (50°S–70°S) sea surface temperature has a significant and robust cooling trend during 1982–2020”

Image Source: Xu et al., 2022

A 2021 study reported a profound cooling trend for most of Antarctica in recent decades, with amplitudes of -2.8°C for East Antarctica and -1.68°C for West Antarctica during 1979-2018.

Temperature trends in the tropics (25°N to 25°S) have been mostly flat since 1979 (Madonna et al., 2022).

Image Source: Madonna et al., 2022

About 80% of the Southern Hemisphere’s surface is water. Sea surface temperature trends for the entire Southern Hemisphere suggest no net warming from 1900-2018 (Allan and Allan, 2019).

Image Source: Allan and Allan, 2019

If most of the Southern Hemisphere has not been warming, why is it called global warming?

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Natural Oceanic Cycles Behind Heavy East Australia Rains, New Study Finds

By on 20. September 2022

East Australia got hit by lots of rain in February earlier this year, and the media of course blamed it all on manmade climate change.

Now a new study by Holgate et al (2022) titled “The Impact of Interacting Climate Modes on East Australian Precipitation Moisture Sources” shows East Australia’s rains are directly tied to natural oceanic patterns.

Hat-tip: EIKE.

The paper’s abstract summarizes that east Australia precipitation is driven by multiple interacting climate modes and that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modifies the supply of evaporative moisture for precipitation and that this is modulated by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and southern annular mode (SAM).

Eastern Australian rainfall moisture supply.

Sources of moisture in eastern Australia. Source: Holgate et al, 2020

The authors describe how La Niña facilitates local precipitation generation whereas El Niños are associated with below average precipitation.

In an article appearing in the academic CONVERSATION here, the authors noted there are climate oscillations at play in the modulation of east Australia rainfall, primarily the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):

“Like swings in a character’s mood, each climate mode has positive, negative and neutral phases. Each affect Australia’s weather in different ways,” write the authors. “La Niña brings wetter conditions to eastern Australia. The IOD’s negative phase, and SAM’s positive phase, can also bring more rain.”

In other words, rains and dry periods depend on what the oceanic cycles are doing, and not CO2. Understanding the key natural cycles is key.

However, the authors do go on to claim that extreme La Niña and El Niño events and weather systems “are expected to worsen due to greenhouse gas emissions”, but that is speculative at best. Co2 does not drive ocean cycles and modes.

When “expected” never shows up

We remind that also Atlantic hurricanes too “are expected to worsen due to greenhouse gases”, yet the opposite has in fact been the case over the past decades. Also the Arctic was expected to be ice-free in the summer by now. But that too has not happened and late summer sea ice there has trended upwards moderately over the past 15 years.

Oceans were expected to warm as well, but as Kenneth noted yesterday, that too has not been necessarily the case. New research suggests the bottom half (2 km to the bottom) of the Pacific has been robustly cooling since 1993!

Prof. John Schellnhuber, former director of the PIK Potsdam Institute, also “expected” the Himalayas to lose their glaciers by 2030, yet that was glaringly exposed as a real doozy of a climate bluff as well.

So when it comes to weather extremes and future projections, it’s really important to separate the science from the climate scamming.





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Most Of The Pacific Ocean’s Volume Has Undergone Intensifying Cooling Since 1993

By on 19. September 2022

The Pacific Ocean is 5 to 6 km deep. New research indicates the bottom half (2 km to the bottom) of the Pacific has been robustly cooling since 1993. 

A new preprint details the “surprising” Pacific cooling pattern from two ocean heat content (OHC) datasets over the 1993-2017 period.

Most OHC records only extend to the first 2 km of the ocean. Analyses of trends in the deeper ocean indicate intensified cooling from 2 km to the abyssal waters, or for well more than half the Pacific Ocean’s volume.

Image Source: Liao et al., 2022
“The thermal state from 1993–2017 in the lower Pacific Ocean (below 2 km) was investigated using two dynamically-consistent syntheses. We show a robust and bottom-intensified cooling. This Pacific cooling is mainly determined by the meridional heat exchange with the Southern Ocean and the vertical heat advection.”
“It is evident that both the deep and abyssal Pacific Oceans experienced an approximately linear cooling from 1993 to 2017 (Fig. 1). The OHC decreased at 4.4±0.4×1020J·yr-1 in the deep ocean and 3.4±0.8×1020J·yr-1 in the abyssal ocean. The uncertainty (shading) was small. This linear decreasing trend of OHC is robust in both datasets (Figs. 1 and S1) and similar to the results in Gebbie and Huybers (2019) in the overlapping period.”
“Below 2 km, cooling occurred at almost all the vertical levels, with bottom intensification seen in both ECCO (Fig. 2) and GECCO (Fig. S3). The temperature decreased by about 0.05°C near the bottom but less than 0.01°C at around 2 km. Cooling between 2.3–3.5 km accelerated from around 2011. The vertical profile quantitatively shows an approximate cooling rate of 2.3×10-3°C·yr-1 near the bottom but slower than 0.5×10-3 °C·yr-1 near 2 km. The cooling rate was vertically homogeneous in the deep Pacific Ocean between 2–4 km. Fig. 2b shows that the cooling above 5 km slowed down in 2006–2017 when comparing to 1993–2005, but is almost time-invariant further below. Similarly, GECCO also presents statistically significant cooling in the Pacific Ocean below 2 km (Fig. S3), suggestive of robust Pacific cooling below 2 km.”

Another recent study (Gebbie and Huybers, 2019) also reported the deeper ocean cooling has been ongoing throughout the modern period in the Pacific, and it has only modestly changed course (from cooling to warming) in the Atlantic in the last century. The Medieval Warm Period was considerably warmer than modern at these depths.

Image Source: Gebbie and Huybers, 2019

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Good News: 2022 Hurricane Season Mild. Bad News: Pressure Pattern Threatens Europe With Hell Winter

By on 18. September 2022

First the good news (and then the bad news below)

This year’s hurricane season has been unusually quiet. The USA has gotten off easy so far in terms of landfalls and damage, thus once again contradicting all the doomsday scenarios from the climate alarmists.

Mid September is usually the peak of hurricane activity. But right now it’s quiet and there are no threats to the US mainland – for the time being. Here’s the latest update from the National Hurricane Center (NHC):


Another one goes out to sea. Image cropped from the NHC.

Currently only hurricane Fiona is active in the Atlantic, and it is projected to go out to sea hundreds of miles away from the east coast and fizzle out. It’s been a quiet season.

According to Eric Berger at arstechnica.com here:

Everyone from the US agency devoted to studying weather, oceans, and the atmosphere—the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration—to the most highly regarded hurricane professionals predicted a season with above-normal to well above-normal activity.

For example, NOAA’s outlook for the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to November 30, predicted a 65 percent chance of an above-normal season…”

Even with today’s super powerful computers and sophisticated models, accurate seasonal predictions are still proving elusive. This should tell us that climate models looking decades into future remain nothing but high-tech, wild-ass guesses.

Arstechnica.com here sums up the state of seasonal hurricane forecasting:

Seasonal forecasting is still a developing science. While it is typically more right than wrong, predicting specific weather patterns such as hurricanes months in advance is far from an established science.”

Now the bad news: 2022 hurricane season “not over by a long shot”

Concerning the remainder of the 2022 season, veteran meteorologist Joes Bastardi says at yesterday’s Saturday Summary video that there are signs out there things are going to start cooking over the next 15 days: “It’s a late starting season. It’s not over by a long shot.”

Potential killer winter on top of acute energy crisis

On another subject, some forecasters have been projecting a milder than normal winter for Europe, which would be welcome with a red carpet due to the continent’s acute energy crisis.

However, Joe notes there are signs this may not be the case. That would mean the coming winter could become – in the current dire energy situation – the Mother of Nightmares: a bitter cold winter with energy outages. In the event of blackouts, which many experts warn have a high chance of occurring, Europe would then be facing a humanitarian and economic crisis on a scale not seen in a very long time.

“Look at what the surface maps are showing,” Bastardi says. “When you have high pressure over Greenland and Iceland, and low pressure over Spain like that, folks, that is an ugly looking situation for the winter. That is similar to 2010/11.”

Normally a hard winter would be no problem for Europe in normal times, but times are far from normal nowadays as ideological Green New Deal politicians have done a great job at wrecking the continent’s energy supply system and so leaving tens of millions of people extremely vulnerable.

Europeans need to start preparing for an autumn and/or winter blackout. Note that a blackout means not only the power goes out, but so do the heat, lights, communication, Internet and potentially the water supply along with it – for days! Don’t wait and pretend it can’t happen. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.





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Power Grid Expert: “99.9% Chance” Germany Will See Blackout… “Civil War” Unless People Prepare

By on 17. September 2022

A German electrical engineer, power grid expert, warns of 99.9% chance of power blackout…”civil war” if people don’t prepare…describes horror scene. 

Plundering, unhindered crime, mayhem…raw survival 

Online Bild TV interviewed Robert Jungnischke, an “expert on blackouts” to discuss the probability of a major blackout hitting Germany over the coming fall and winter months. The talk round was titled: “Our grid is collapsing!”

As Germany’s energy crisis escalates due to the abysmally failed energy policies enacted over the past 25 years, the power grid has become increasingly unstable. Electricity prices have skyrocketed. Now Germans are becoming increasingly worried of wintertime blackouts and the possible chaos that could ensue. How realistic is the scenario?

Blackouts are not the same as power outages, which are localized, says Jungnischke. Blackouts hit an entire region or country, and lead to the shutdown of critical infrastructure like communication, refrigeration, heating, Internet, emergency services and transport.

In the talk round with Bild, when asked, “How probable is it that it will come to a Blackout? Jungnischke answers: “99.9%”!

“Everyone is expecting it,” Jungnischke adds.

Jungnischke strongly advises citizens to start preparing themselves now. “What happens here in a city like Berlin when people don’t prepare? After 2 days, we get a civil war.”

5 days to free (dead) people from elevators

Germany’s power situation is so precarious that Junghischke even advises people to no longer use elevators in buildings, and to take the stairs instead because the risk of the power going out and getting trapped is too high. In a blackout: “When we calculate for Berlin, it’s been checked. You need five days to free people from the elevators. As I said, all the emergency services are hit, there’s no communication! That means that by the time you free the people, most of them are dead!”

Currently Berlin’s police department is in fact already drilling and preparing for a blackout. Other municipalities are urgently telling citizens to stock up on provisions. This means the probability is not low, even if you don’t believe the Junghischke’s 99.9% figure like the CDU politician in the talk round does.

Jungnischke says that in the event of a blackout, it’ll take weeks and months to get things back to normal, so he advises stocking up on food, water, cash and medicine. ATMs will be out of order.

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Author’s message: I’ll be taking the stairs from now on, but in case you continue to take elevators, maybe this video can give you some survival tips (sorry it’s not in English):





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Blackout News Friday: Germany, Europe Teeter On The Economic Brink As Energy Crisis Intensifies

By on 16. September 2022

The Green New Deal in Europe is quickly turning into a House of Horrors

One excellent site with all the late latest energy crisis developments in Germany and Europe is Blackout News here. Here are some of the more notable headlines of the past week:

Europe’s largest aluminum plant cuts production by 22% due to energy costs

Deindustrialization

Europe’s largest aluminum smelter, Aluminum Dunkerque Industries France, will cut production by 22% due to rising electricity prices, thus putting the industry’s existence at risk and increasing Europe’s dependency on foreign suppliers.

High energy prices: Municipal utilities running into payment difficulties

Struggling utilities

German municipal utilities, who supply gas and power to their communities, are running into liquidity problems as suppliers of electricity and gas demand large sums as security guarantees before deliveries. Around 200 of the 900 German municipal utilities are affected.

The municipal utilities also “have to reckon with payment defaults by their customers on an unprecedented scale. Consumers have to cope with price increases of over 50% in some cases, which many will not be able to cope with”

Eight to 15% of consumers are expected to not to be able to pay.

It’s a serious danger signal because if they get into trouble, an economic crisis is usually not far away.

Exploding energy costs: economists sound the alarm

Hostile business environment in Germany

The German economy is reeling from exploding energy costs as insolvencies escalate and even once robust companies collapse. A number of industrial companies have imposed production stops or drastically reduced production – because of the skyrocketing energy costs. BDI industry association president Siegfried Russwurm warns that the spiraling  energy prices are driving companies away.

In the latest BDI survey, 90% of all companies are severely challenged by the sharp rise in energy and raw material prices. In February 2022, the figure was just 23%.

France plans rolling blackouts this coming winter

Extreme power shortages in France

France normally generates a good 70 percent of its electricity from nuclear power plants but its power supply is massively at risk as 24 of the 56 reactors are off the grid due to repairs and maintenance.  The country is now planning rolling blackouts should there be corresponding supply problems.

French utility RTE reports “it is clear that the country will not be able to produce enough electricity during the winter months unless consumers drastically reduce their power consumption.” As a result, the utility expects there may be rolling blackouts during the winter.

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If this keeps up, Europe might quickly turn into a continent of starving and freezing beggars. Watch for Europe to be looking at a new Enabling Act.

Willkommen and bienvenue! Welcome to the Green New Deal!





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It’s Official: The South China Sea Has Not Warmed In The Last 40 Years

By on 15. September 2022

Yet another new study documents the lack of regional cooperation with the “global” warming narrative.

Since 1979 there has been no net warming in the South China Sea and no evidence of a hiatus or “growth discontinuity” in this region’s coral development (Tan et al., 2022). Natural ENSO variation leads changes in the sea surface temperature by about 5-6 months.

Image Source: Tan et al., 2022

Other recent South China Sea (SCS) studies also find temperature records that do not align with the narrative that humans drive sea surface temperature variations.

Liao et al. (2020) report cooling by 2-3°C in recent decades (“from 19.3°C to 16.5°C after 1982 AD”) relative to the mid-20th century.

Image Source: Liao et al., 2020

Jiang et al. (2021) also report no net warming in the northern SCS since 1979. They suggest El Niño and La Niña (ENSO) variability have been driving sea surface temperature changes in the SCS since Medieval times, and “internal dynamics of the climate system play a prominent role in modulating ENSO variability.”

Image Source: Jiang et al., 2021

And for a longer-term perspective, Zhou and colleagues (2022) report the SCS was several degrees warmer than today throughout all of the last 6000 years, as the 1994-2004 temperatures (the green square in the chart below) are the coldest of the Holocene.

Image Source: Zhou et al., 2022

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